economic history from a global point of view

Applied philosophy of science applies concepts and methodology from the philosophy and theory of science to investigate concrete issues touching upon the frontiers of modern science—including through taught courses. For example, it offers an interpretative framework for the interdisciplinary study of current trends and the history of SETI, concepts related to Kardashev civilizations, as well as the epistemological and cognitive limitations resulting from the Boltzmann brains hypothesis.

Heterodox economics refers to alternative economic schools of thought outside the mainstream (neoclassical) paradigm, analyzing economic systems through social, historical, and institutional contexts (e.g. feminst, institutional, complexity conomics)